According to multiple studies on the prevention of school shootings, these tragedies can be prevented by identifying warning signs of violent intentions beforehand. Students’ intentions are typically “leaked” through talking with peers, school assignments, online behavior, and/or interactions with parents.

Oftentimes, teachers are the first to see concerning behavior from at-risk students in the classroom. However, schools can’t be expected to monitor what a student does at home or online. What the school can do, however, is listen and act when they receive warning signs from teachers and other school staff.

Warning Signs for School Shootings

Research shows that homicidal teens rarely keep quiet about their murderous plans. In almost every major school shooting in the U.S. and Canada, there were very clear warning signs and blatant evidence of what was to come.

One of the most important “leakages” or warning signs of potential for violence is seen in school assignments. Most notably these warning signs are seen in both fictional and non-fictional writing. Teachers often bring concerns about a student’s writing to the administration, but it is generally downplayed or ignored.

English teacher Sarah Lerner, who survived the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 2018, writes, “We see something odd in the classroom or around school, we hear something troubling, we read something serious, we follow directives and protocols. We report it. Sometimes it’s taken seriously and acted upon. Often, school administrators tell us that nothing can be done until the student breaks a rule or school board policy. Our warnings may end up in a file somewhere until the threat becomes reality. Teachers try to do the right thing, and raise concerns to the officials who are supposed to act. But at the same time, teachers are left with the horrifying reality that they can do only so much as a line of defense to protect their students.” Lerner’s words capture the helplessness that teachers all over the country feel on a consistent basis.

Before the following notorious school shootings, if the administration would have taken the pleas and fears of teachers seriously, it might have prevented a mass tragedy.

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (Columbine High School)

The 1999 Columbine High School massacre that killed 12 and wounded 24 was the first of its kind in the U.S. Eric Harris and Dylan Kelbold exhibited clear warning signs of their potential for violent behavior.

These are just a few concerning behaviors reported by teachers prior to the shooting:

Seung Hui Cho (Virginia Tech)

On April 16, 2007, Seung Hui Cho, an angry and disturbed student, killed 32 students and faculty at Virginia Tech. He wounded 17 others, and then killed himself. The Virginia Tech shooting was one of the deadliest shootings to date.

Cho had a long history of mental health problems that started in early childhood. His main issues were depression and selective mutism, both symptoms of a larger, severe social anxiety disorder.

Cho received a lot of services and interventions during middle and high school but when he went to college there was “a lot of confusion about state and federal privacy laws and gaps in mental health services.” Basically, troubling incidents with Cho were reported to the counseling center, campus police, the dean of students, and the office of judicial affairs, but none of these were shared with each other due to fears about privacy laws. In reality, if these incidents were all placed into one system, the indication of a serious mental issue that needed immediate intervention would have been obvious.

One of the clearest warnings came from Cho’s Creative Writing professor along with the chair of the English Department, Lucinda Roy. Cho’s professor alerted her supervisor that Cho’s poems were disturbingly angry and violent. Roy reached out to Cho and became alarmed herself. “I’ve been teaching for 22 years, and there’ve only been a couple of times when I thought that this is a really, really worrying thing,” Roy commented. “And this was one of them.”

Cho’s professor and classmates were so uncomfortable around him that Roy felt she had no choice but to ask him to stop attending class. Rather, Roy agreed to tutor him herself. She stated, “I was hoping that by taking him out of the classroom I’d help maybe to avoid something that could be catastrophic. I kept saying to him, ‘Please go to counseling; I will take you over to counseling myself,’ because he was so depressed, but apparently, I was told you can’t force someone to go to counseling.” Eventually, she contacted the police about his violent writings but because there was no direct verbal threat, they said they couldn’t do anything.

Many others reported incidents to Virginia Tech administration. These behaviors range from several accusations of stalking (which Cho blamed on his non-existent twin brother), and a collection of knives that were “so unsettling that his dorm director wrote to the college’s chief of dorm discipline asking that someone pay attention, but there’s no record that anyone did.”

Adam Lanza (Sandy Hook Elementary)

On December 12, 2012, 20-year-old Adam Lanza killed his mother, then drove to Sandy Hook Elementary School and killed 6 adults and 20 children. This all happened in eleven minutes, then he killed himself.

Lanza has a complicated history of social, emotional, and developmental concerns, and there were many warning signs of his potential for violence that were brought forward by numerous teachers and health care providers.

The first major red flag was in 5th grade when Lanza wrote a 52-page comic book filled with shockingly violent drawings and stories “of child murder and cannibalism.”

In seventh grade, while attending the St. Rose of Lima School, Lanza wrote essays about “battles, destruction and war” that were so disturbing, his teacher showed them to the school principal. The essays showed that Adam was “deeply troubled by feelings of rage, hate and (at least unconscious) murderous impulses,” according to the state Office of Child Advocate report. Lanza’s teacher at St. Rose told state investigators that the “level of violence was disturbing” and his “creative writing was so graphic that it could not be shared.”

Lanza’s mother took him out of school for a year of homeschooling after that, and no one followed up.

Nikolas Cruz (Stoneman Douglas High School)

On February 14th, 2018, Nikolas Cruz opened fire on the campus of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. He killed 17 students and faculty members.

The warning signs for Cruz started early in his life. At age 13, Cruz had received 26 disciplinary incidents in one year of middle school. He was suspended for fighting and then enrolled in a school for students with emotional and behavioral problems.

By 10th grade, Cruz enrolled at Stoneman Douglas High School. His behavior there was so concerning that he wasn’t allowed to enter the school with a backpack. Cruz “told an administrator that shooting guns helped him relieve stress.” None of this information was shared with authorities who got to decide whether or not he needed psychiatric care. Yet when the school district judged whether he might harm other students, “he met all of the criteria for aggression and depression.”

According to Bob Gualtieri, chairman of the state-appointed Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Commission, “Those teacher comments are extremely relevant. There is stuff in them somebody doing an assessment should have been aware of.”

But the assistant principal who handled Cruz’s threat assessment had never done one in his 31 years in education. According to the Public Safety Commission, the assistant principal “was not competent in handling the task.” If one merely looks at the comments written on Cruz’s threat assessment forms by teachers, it paints quite a clear picture.

Several teachers commented on official reports that he “made threats,” “was fascinated with guns,” and that they were afraid of him, including the following:

Ethan Crumbley (Oxford High School)

On November 30, 2021, 15-year-old Ethan Crumbley killed four students and wounded seven others, including a teacher, in a mass shooting at Oxford High School.

The day before the shootings, a teacher reported Ethan to administration for searching for ammunition on his phone. The school reached out to his parents, but they never heard back.

On the morning of the shooting, another teacher was so disturbed by the drawings and writings Crumbley had produced, that she took a photo to show school authorities. On a piece of paper in front of Crumbley, the teacher saw the words “the thoughts won’t stop, help me,” a drawing of a bullet, and the phrase “blood everywhere.” He had drawn sketches of a person who was shot twice and bleeding, and a laughing emoji with the final lines, “my life is useless” and “the world is dead.”

The school called Crumbley’s parents in for a meeting. He had scribbled out many of the alarming writings before they showed them to his parents. Administration told the parents to send their son to counseling in the next 48 hours and take him home. They refused to take him home and then left the school.

Instead of involving the school’s resource officer, or calling the police for help in escorting the student from the building, they let him return to class without even searching his backpack. That is when the shootings occurred. It would have been in the administration’s power only to prevent the student from returning to class, and not the teacher. But the concerns of the two teachers should have been enough.

When questioned about why Crumbley was allowed back to class, the superintendent said, “No discipline was warranted. There are no discipline records at the high school. Yes, this student did have contact with our front office, and yes, his parents were on campus on November 30. I will take any and all questions at a later time. But that’s not now.”

Preventing School Shootings

There are many steps that can be taken to help prevent school shootings. One primary step is listening to teachers when they bring concerns to administration regarding students.

According to the Violence Project, “There are signs that school officials, counselors, and other adults can look for to identify students who may be hitting crisis points. You want a crisis response team who can quickly intervene and do an assessment. So part of this is really about building the systems and giving schools the resources that they need to adequately investigate these situations.”

The Washington Post reports that billions have been spent on armored school doors, bulletproof whiteboards, and other extreme security measures to try to keep kids safe during a shooting. And none of it has worked.

Helping a Student in Crisis

To date, many measures to keep schools safe have not worked. What would work, and would probably cost a lot less, is the availability of immediate help for a student in crisis.

According to research on school shootings, 77% of school shooters have had previous mental health concerns. And 87% showed signs of a crisis, as exhibited in their behavior, before the shooting.

The Stoneman Douglas safety commission recommends that schools seek out information from teachers about troubled students rather than waiting for reports of threats. When reported, threats of school violence should be taken seriously and seen as a plea for help. When these threats are made, the student should These threats are a critical moment for a student to be connected with long-term, high-quality resources. These resources include mental health treatment, social services, and substance use treatment.

But unfortunately, due to a lack of resources, administration doesn’t tend to act on these warnings until they are given no choice, which happens after school shootings.

The Importance of Listening to Teachers

Teachers are often the first line of defense when it comes to reporting concerning behavior to administration. They are the eyes and the ears of the classroom. If a teacher has a concern about a student, listen to them! Action following a teacher’s report could just help prevent the next school shooting.

Have you ever had troubled students in your class that you warned administration about to no avail? Let us know your experiences in the comments below. If you’d rather keep things more anonymous, Submit a Secret to Teacher Misery. We publish secrets every Sunday on our Secrets page.

Jane Morris, Author

Jane Morris is the pen name of a teacher who would really like to tell you more about herself but is afraid she’ll lose her job. Jane has taught English for over 15 years in a major American city. She received her B.A. in English and Secondary Education from a well-known university and her M.A. in writing from an even fancier (more expensive) university. As a professional queen of commiseration turned published author, Jane’s foremost passion in life is to make people laugh.

She has written several highly acclaimed books unpacking the reality of teaching and life inside the school system. You can view her full library of works here.